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Browse MEASUR by assessment area, calculator family, formula set, database, and shared physics model.

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►Compressed Air Assessments	Assessment tools and calculators for modeling compressed air systems, compressor operation, leaks, storage, and operating cost
►Compressed Air Calculators	Stand-alone compressed air calculators for sizing, storage, velocity, operating cost, pneumatic demand, and leak surveys
►Air System Capacity Calculator	Calculates total compressed air storage in distribution piping and receivers
Air System Capacity Formula	Total compressed air system capacity from pipe volume and receiver volume
Receiver Volume Conversion Formula	Converts receiver capacities from gallons to cubic feet
►Air Velocity Calculator	Calculates compressed air velocity through standard nominal pipe sizes
Air Velocity Formula	Compressed air velocity for one nominal pipe size
►Bag Method Calculator	Estimates compressed air leak flow rate and annual consumption using the bag fill-time method
Bag Method Flow Rate Formula	Instantaneous compressed air leak flow rate from bag volume and fill time
Bag Method Annual Consumption Formula	Estimated annual air consumption from a compressed air leak measured by the bag method
►Compressed Air Leak Survey Calculator	Aggregates the annual energy cost and air flow impact of multiple compressed air leaks across an industrial facility
Total Flow Rate Formula	Combined instantaneous flow rate for one survey entry
Annual Volume Formula — Estimate and Orifice Methods	Annual air volume for survey entries using the estimate or orifice method
Annual Volume Formula — Decibels Method	Annual air volume for survey entries using the decibels method
Annual Volume Formula — Bag Method	Annual air volume for survey entries using the bag method
Annual Electricity Formula	Annual electrical energy consumed by the compressor to replace leaked air
Annual Electricity Cost Formula	Annual monetary cost of leaked air when electricity is the cost basis
Annual Compressed Air Cost Formula	Annual monetary cost of leaked air when compressed air is the cost basis
►Decibels Method Calculator	Estimates compressed air leak flow rate and annual consumption using bilinear interpolation from ultrasonic decibel and line pressure measurements
Decibels Method Leak Rate Formula	Compressed air leak flow rate estimated by bilinear interpolation
Decibels Method Annual Consumption Formula	Estimated annual air consumption from a compressed air leak measured by the decibels method
►Estimate Method Calculator	Estimates annual compressed air consumption from a leak using visual and audible assessment
Estimate Method Annual Consumption Formula	Estimated annual air consumption from a compressed air leak assessed by the estimate method
►Orifice Method Calculator	Estimates compressed air leak flow rate and annual consumption using orifice pressure and geometry measurements
Orifice Method Temperature Conversion Formula	Conversion of compressed air temperature from °F to °R for thermodynamic calculations
Orifice Method Absolute Supply Pressure Formula	Conversion of gauge supply pressure to absolute pressure for density calculations
Orifice Method Supply-Condition Density Formula	Air density at compressed air supply conditions using the ideal gas law
Orifice Method Standard-Condition Density Formula	Air density at standard atmospheric conditions, used to convert mass flow to scfm
Orifice Method Sonic Throat Density Formula	Isentropic density at the choked (sonic) throat of the orifice
Orifice Method Sonic Velocity Formula	Sonic (speed-of-sound) air velocity at the choked orifice throat
Orifice Method Mass Flow Rate Formula	Mass flow rate of compressed air escaping through one orifice at sonic conditions
Orifice Method Volumetric Flow Rate Formula	Volumetric flow rate per orifice at standard atmospheric conditions (scfm)
Orifice Method Total Leak Rate Formula	Total compressed air leak flow rate summed across all orifice leak points
Orifice Method Annual Consumption Formula	Estimated annual compressed air loss from all orifice leak points
►Operating Cost Calculator	Calculates the annual electricity cost of a compressor operating in load/unload control mode
Run Time Unloaded Formula	Percentage of total operating time the compressor runs in the unloaded state
Loaded Annual Cost Formula	Annual electricity cost while the compressor delivers air at full load
Unloaded Annual Cost Formula	Annual electricity cost while the compressor runs unloaded (motor idling)
Total Annual Cost Formula	Total annual electricity cost for a compressor operating in load/unload mode
►Compressed Air Pipe Data	Shared nominal pipe-size data used by air system capacity and velocity calculations
Pipe Volume Formula	Contained pipe volume for one nominal pipe size
Total Pipe Volume Formula	Total contained pipe volume across all supported nominal pipe sizes
Pipe Data Implementation Tables	Coefficients and internal areas used by the shared pipe data implementation
►Pipe Sizing Calculator	Sizes compressed air distribution pipes to meet a target design velocity
Pipe Cross-Sectional Area Formula	Minimum internal pipe area to limit compressed-air velocity to the design value
Pipe Diameter Formula	Internal pipe diameter corresponding to the computed cross-sectional area
►Pneumatic Air Requirement Calculator	Calculates the compressed air consumption of a pneumatic cylinder
Single-Acting Piston Air Intake Volume Formula	Cylinder volumetric air intake per minute for a single-acting piston
Compression Ratio Formula	Ratio of absolute working pressure to atmospheric pressure
Free-Air Requirement Formula	Free-air equivalent consumption of a pneumatic cylinder
Double-Acting Piston Air Intake Volume Formula	Combined cylinder air intake per minute for a double-acting piston
►Pneumatic Valve Calculator	Calculates pneumatic valve air flow rate and valve flow coefficient (Cv)
Flow Rate Formula (Cv = 1)	Air flow rate through a pneumatic valve with unit flow coefficient (Cv = 1)
Flow Coefficient (Cv) Formula	Valve flow coefficient (Cv) for a pneumatic valve with a known flow rate
►Receiver Tank Calculator	Sizes compressed air receiver tanks and calculates usable air capacity
Usable Air Capacity Formula	Volume of standard cubic feet of air available between two operating pressures
General Method Tank Size Formula	Sizes a receiver tank from a known air demand and allowable pressure drop
Dedicated Storage Method Tank Size Formula	Determines the compressed air storage volume needed to support a short-duration demand event without letting system pressure fall below an acceptable minimum
Metered Storage Method Tank Size Formula	Sizes a dedicated storage tank when the compressor can partially replenish storage during the demand event through a controlled recovery flow
Metered Storage Method Refill Time Formula	Time required to refill the receiver tank after a metered storage demand event
Bridging Compressor Reaction Delay Method Formula	Sizes a tank to bridge the compressor reaction delay for a remote demand event
Compressor Cycle Method Tank Size Formula	Sizes a receiver tank from the compressor duty cycle and operating pressure band
►Compressor Modeling	Compressor assessment models and supporting catalog, control, and energy efficiency measure topics
►Centrifugal Compressor Assessment Models	Centrifugal load/unload, modulation/unload, and blow-off compressor calculations
Centrifugal Load/Unload Formula	Linear relationship between no-load and full-load power
Centrifugal Modulation/Unload Formula	Piecewise model through no-load, unload, full-load, and maximum-flow points
Centrifugal Blow-Off Formula	Useful airflow and blow-off airflow for centrifugal blow-off control
Compressor Catalog Units	Field units for the passive compressor catalog records
►Compressor Energy Efficiency Measures	Compressor EEM calculations for leaks, end-use efficiency, pressure, set points, and savings
Compressor EEM Leak Reduction Formula	Airflow reduction from repairing compressed-air leaks
Compressor EEM End-Use Efficiency Formula	Adjusted use airflow from end-use efficiency improvements
Compressor EEM Pressure Formula	Adjusted power and use airflow after pressure changes
Compressor EEM Savings Formula	Demand, energy, and cost savings from reduced discharge pressure
►Load/Unload Compressor Assessment Model	Load/unload cycle model for screw and reciprocating compressors
Load/Unload Average Power Formula	Average package power over one load/unload cycle
Load/Unload Runtime Formula	Core storage and blowdown runtime calculations
Load/Unload Modulation Formula	Modulating power while the compressor remains loaded
►Modulation Without Unload Compressor Assessment	Compressor model for modulating control that does not unload
Modulation Without Unload Formula	Power-law relationship between airflow fraction and power
►Compressor Modeling Overview	Shared compressor modeling result definitions, electrical input conversion, and pressure/inlet correction
Compressor Assessment Result Formula	Common result reconstruction from fractions
Compressor Assessment Electrical Formula	Three-phase electrical input conversion used by measured electrical methods
Compressor Assessment Pressure Inlet Correction	Shared pressure and inlet correction for non-centrifugal models
►Start/Stop Compressor Assessment	Compressor model for start/stop control
Start/Stop Formula	Average power fraction for start/stop cycling
►Variable Frequency Drive Compressor Assessment	Compressor model for variable frequency drive control
VFD Compressor Formula	Piecewise VFD airflow-power curve
Fan System Assessments	Fan-system assessment tools for evaluating energy use, operating scenarios, and potential efficiency improvements
Process Cooling Assessments	Chilled-water and process-cooling tools for estimating system performance, component operation, and savings opportunities
►Process Heating Assessments	Process-heating assessment tools for heat balances, furnace and oven analysis, and thermal efficiency opportunities
►Process Heat Calculators	Stand-alone process-heat calculators for heat recovery, energy equivalency, exhaust-gas use, and process integration
►Air Heating Using Exhaust Calculator	Calculates energy savings from using exhaust gas (waste heat) to preheat combustion air for process heating systems
Heat Capacity of Flue Gas Formula	Heat capacity of exhaust flue gas based on fuel properties and combustion parameters
Heat Capacity of Air Formula	Heat capacity of incoming air to be preheated
Heat Recovered by Cold Air Formula	Heat transferred from exhaust to cold air through the heat exchanger
Outlet Exhaust Temperature Formula	Exhaust gas temperature after heat recovery
Annual Energy Savings Formula	Total energy savings over the operating period
►Cascade Heat High-to-Low Calculator	Calculates energy and cost savings from cascading heat from a high-temperature process to a low-temperature process
Total Energy Savings Formula	Total energy savings from cascading heat
Hourly Energy Savings Formula	Hourly energy savings from cascading heat
Equivalent Energy Supply Formula	Equivalent energy supply to the low-temperature process
Heat Exchanger Energy Rate Formula	Energy transfer rate through the heat exchanger
Primary Flue Gas Volume Formula	Flue gas volume from the high-temperature process
Flue Gas Properties	Flue gas properties for both processes
►Energy Equivalency Calculator	Calculates equivalent heat input for electrical and fuel-fired furnaces
Electrical Equivalent Heat Input Formula	Calculates the electrical heat input required to replace a fuel-fired furnace
Fuel-Fired Equivalent Heat Input Formula	Calculates the fuel-fired heat input required to replace an electrically heated furnace
►Flow Calculations Energy Use Calculator	Calculates flow rate and heat input of a fuel-fired furnace using orifice flow measurement
Orifice Area Formula	Effective cross-sectional area of the orifice
Adjusted Discharge Coefficient Formula	Discharge coefficient corrected for diameter ratio effects
Pressure Drop Term Formula	Normalized pressure drop term accounting for gas specific gravity
Temperature Adjustment Formula	Temperature correction factor for flow to standard conditions
Pressure Adjustment Formula	Pressure correction factor for flow to standard conditions
Flow Rate Formula	Volumetric flow rate at standard conditions
Heat Input Formula	Thermal energy input over operating period
Total Flow Formula	Total gas volume consumed over operating period
►O2 Enrichment Calculator	Calculates fuel consumption and savings from oxygen enrichment in fuel-fired furnaces
Fuel Savings with O2 Enrichment Formula	Fuel savings with oxygen enrichment as a percentage
Fuel Consumption with O2 Enrichment Formula	Fuel consumption with oxygen enrichment
Available Heat Formula	Available heat accounting for oxygen enrichment effects
Standard Available Heat Formula	Standard available heat from heat input and correction factors
Combustion Air Correction Formula	Correction factor for combustion air preheat
Air Correction Formula	Correction factor for excess air heat losses
Air Specific Heat Formula	Specific heat of combustion air calculated based on preheat temperature
Heat Input Formula	Heat input calculated based on flue gas temperature
Excess Air Formula	Calculate excess air from oxygen concentration in flue gas.
►Process Heat Utilities	Common utility functions for process heating calculations
Excess Air from Flue Gas O2	Calculate excess air from oxygen concentration in flue gas
►Water Heating Using Exhaust Calculator	Calculates energy savings from using exhaust gas (waste heat) to provide energy for an absorption chiller in place of a compressor
Electrical Energy Formula	Equivalent electrical energy saved from compressor operation
Chiller Capacity Formula	Effective chiller capacity accounting for efficiency
Tons of Refrigeration Formula	Refrigeration capacity using chiller coefficient of performance
Recovered Heat Formula	Heat recovered from exhaust gas through the heat exchanger
Hot Water Flow Formula	Hot water flow rate based on recovered heat and temperature difference
►Heat Loss Calculators	Process-heating loss calculators for exhaust gases, openings, walls, cooling streams, fixtures, and load materials
►Atmosphere Heat Loss Calculator	Calculates heat losses from escaping atmospheric gases in process heating equipment
Atmosphere Heat Loss Formula	Total heat loss due to atmospheric gases
►Auxiliary Power Used Calculator	Calculates auxiliary power usage for electrical systems in process heating equipment
Auxiliary Power Used Formula	Total auxiliary power consumption
►Energy Input Electric Arc Furnace Calculator	Calculates total energy input and heat delivered for electric arc furnaces (EAF)
Energy Input Electric Arc Furnace Heat Delivered Formula	Total heat delivered to the electric arc furnace
Energy Input Electric Arc Furnace Formula	Total chemical energy input from all fuel sources
►Energy Input Exhaust Gas Heat Loss Calculation	Calculates available heat, heat delivered, and exhaust gas losses for non-EAF electric furnaces
Exhaust Gas Losses Formula	Total heat loss through exhaust gases
Heat Delivered Formula	Useful heat delivered to the furnace
Available Heat Formula	Percentage of input heat available after exhaust losses
Base Heat Formula	Base available heat before corrections
Air Correction Formula	Correction for excess air in exhaust
Combustion Air Correction Formula	Correction for preheated combustion air
Specific Heat of Air Formula	Temperature-dependent specific heat of air
►Exhaust Gas Heat Loss Calculation (Electric Arc Furnace)	Calculates total heat loss from exhaust gas in electric arc furnaces (EAF)
Total Heat Loss Formula	Total heat loss from exhaust gases
Corrected Volume Flow Rate Formula	Conversion of measured flow rate to standard conditions
Total Heat Value per Unit Volume Formula	Heat content per unit volume of exhaust gas
Chemical Heat Formula	Chemical heat from unburned combustibles
►Fixture Heat Loss Calculator	Calculates heat losses from fixtures, trays, and conveyors in process heating equipment
Fixture Heat Loss Formula	Total heat loss due to fixture heating
►Gas Cooling Heat Loss Calculator	Calculates heat loss due to gas (including air) cooling in process heating equipment
Gas Cooling Heat Loss Formula	Total heat loss due to gas cooling
►Gas Flue Gas Material Calculator	Calculates process heat properties and available heat for gas fuel flue gas materials
Available Heat Calculation	Calculate percentage of fuel energy available after exhaust losses
Sensible Heat of Fuel	Calculate sensible heat contribution from fuel temperature above ambient
Enthalpy and Heat Content	Calculate heat content of each flue gas constituent
Partial Pressure of Water Vapor	Calculate mole fraction of water vapor in flue gas
Stoichiometric Air and Moisture Correction	Calculate stoichiometric air required and moisture correction
Generated Volumes and Unit Conversion	Convert generated weights to volumes using density factors
Fuel and Product Aggregation	Sum fuel heating value and generated product weights
Mean Cp for Combustion Air	Calculate weighted average specific heat for combustion air
Constituent Specific Heats	Calculate temperature-dependent specific heat for each gas constituent
Temperature Conversion	Convert temperatures to absolute scale for thermodynamic calculations
Excess Air and Flue Gas O2	Calculate excess air from O2 measurement or O2 from excess air
►Gas Load Charge Material Heat Required Calculator	Calculates total heat required for a gas load/charge material
Total Heat Required Formula
Sensible Heat for Gas Formula
Sensible Heat for Vapor Formula
Heat of Reaction Formula
►Leakage Heat Loss Calculator	Calculates heat losses from hot gas leakage in process heating equipment
Leakage Heat Loss Formula	Total heat loss due to hot gas leakage
Standard Cubic Feet per Hour Formula	Conversion of actual flow rate to standard conditions
Cubic Feet per Hour Formula	Leakage flow rate from opening area and pressure
Specific Heat Calculations	Temperature-dependent specific heat formulas
►Liquid Cooling Heat Loss Calculator	Calculates heat loss due to liquid cooling in process heating equipment
Liquid Cooling Heat Loss Formula	Total heat loss due to liquid cooling
►Liquid Load Charge Material Heat Required Calculator	Calculates total heat required for a liquid load/charge material
Total Heat Required Formula
Sensible Heat (Below Vaporizing Temp) Formula
Full Heating (Above Vaporizing Temp) Formula
Heat of Reaction Formula
►Opening Heat Loss Calculator	Calculates heat losses from process heating equipment openings to the ambient
Opening Total Heat Loss Formula
Opening View Factor Formula	The radiative view factor F is a function of the opening geometry and wall thickness
Opening View Factor Polynomials	Polynomial approximations for radiative view factor
Opening Heat Loss Symbols	Symbols used in opening heat loss formulas
►Slag/Other Material Heat Loss Calculator	Calculates heat losses from slag and other waste materials in process heating equipment
Slag/Other Material Heat Loss Formula	Total heat loss due to slag or other waste material heating
►Solid/Liquid Flue Gas Material Calculator	Calculates process heat properties and available heat for solid and liquid fuel flue gas materials
Total Solid/Liquid Flue Gas: Heat Loss	Algorithm for calculating total heat loss and available heat for solid/liquid flue gas materials
Excess Air Calculation	Iterative method to estimate excess air from measured flue gas oxygen
Flue Gas O2 Calculation	Compute expected oxygen content in flue gas for a given excess air level
Heating Value Calculation	Calculate higher heating value of solid or liquid fuel
►Solid Load Charge Material Heat Required Calculator	Calculates total heat required for a solid load/charge material
Total Heat Required Formula
Moisture Removal (Below boiling point) Formula
Moisture Removal (Above boiling point) Formula
Heat for Remaining Moisture Formula
Solid Heating (Below melting point) Formula
Solid Heating (Above melting point) Formula
Heat of Reaction Formula
►Wall Heat Loss Calculator	Calculates heat losses from walls of process heating equipment to the ambient
Wall Total Heat Loss Formula	Total heat loss from wall to ambient environment
Wall Convective Heat Loss Formula	Heat loss due to natural and forced convection
Wall Radiative Heat Loss Formula
►Water Cooling Heat Loss Calculator	Calculates heat loss due to water cooling in process heating equipment
Water Cooling Heat Loss Formula	Total heat loss due to water cooling
Water Density Calculation Formula	Temperature-dependent water density calculation
Pumping System Assessments	Pumping-system assessment tools for field-measured performance, system curves, energy use, and efficiency scenarios
►Steam System Assessments	Steam-system assessment and modeling tools for boilers, turbines, flash tanks, steam flows, and savings measures
►Air/Water Cooling Using Flue Calculator	Calculates heat recovery from flue gas using a condensing heat exchanger for air and water cooling applications
Total Available Heat Fraction Formula	Total fraction of heat available including sensible and latent components
Latent Heat Recovery Formula	Latent heat recovered from water vapor condensation
Sensible Heat Recovery Formula	Sensible heat recovered from cooling the flue gas
Latent Heat Fraction Formula	Fraction of heat available from water vapor condensation
Flue Gas Flow Formula	Flue gas mass flow rate based on fuel properties and heat input
Fraction Condensed Formula	Fraction of water vapor condensed in the heat exchanger
Flue Gas Properties	Flue gas properties from combustion analysis
►Water Heating Using Flue Calculator	Calculates energy and cost savings from using flue gas (waste heat) to preheat boiler feedwater using a non-condensing heat exchanger
Flue Gas Mass Flow Formula	Flue gas mass flow rate based on boiler rating and fuel properties
Steam Mass Flow Formula	Steam mass flow rate based on boiler rating and enthalpy difference
Feedwater Mass Flow Formula	Feedwater mass flow rate accounting for steam production and blowdown
Flue Gas Heat Capacity Formula	Heat capacity rate of the flue gas stream
Feedwater Heat Capacity Formula	Heat capacity rate of the feedwater stream
Minimum Heat Capacity Formula	Minimum heat capacity rate between the two streams
Recovered Heat Formula	Heat recovered through the heat exchanger using effectiveness-NTU method
Flue Gas Exit Temperature Formula	Exit temperature of flue gas after heat exchanger
Feedwater Exit Temperature Formula	Exit temperature of feedwater after heat exchanger
Annual Energy Savings Formula	Annual energy savings from using waste heat recovery
Annual Cost Savings Formula	Annual cost savings from using waste heat recovery
►Water Heating Using Steam Calculator	Calculates energy and water savings from using vent steam to heat water through a steam-to-liquid heat exchanger
Outlet Water Temperature Formula	Outlet water temperature based on energy balance between steam and water
Safe Boiling Point Temperature Formula	Safe operating temperature threshold to prevent boiling
Heat Gain Rate Formula	Rate of heat transfer from steam to water (normal operation)
Adjusted Heat Gain Rate Formula	Rate of heat transfer when boiling point is exceeded
Bypass Steam Flow Formula	Excess steam flow that must be bypassed to prevent boiling
Energy Saved in Domestic Water Heater Formula	Annual energy savings in the domestic water heating system
Energy Saved in Boiler Formula	Annual energy savings in the boiler from condensate return
Water Saved Formula	Annual water savings from condensate return
Water Assessments	Plant-water assessment tools for water balances, process-water diagrams, facility costs, and efficiency targeting
Waste Water Assessments	Wastewater treatment assessment tools for aeration demand, sludge-process behavior, operating conditions, and energy savings
►Energy Treasure Hunt Calculators	Rapid opportunity calculators for energy treasure hunts, energy sweeps, low-cost measures, and savings rollups
►Compressed Air Pressure Reduction Calculator	Quantifies electricity savings from reducing compressed air system pressure
Baseline Energy Use Formula	Annual energy use for baseline compressed-air operation using measured or rated power
Modification Energy Use Formula	Annual energy use for pressure-reduction modification
Energy Cost Formula	Annual energy cost from annual energy use and electricity rate
►Compressed Air Reduction Calculator	Calculates annual compressed air consumption, energy use, and cost for compressed airflow reduction measures
►Nozzle Coefficient Lookup Table	Pre-calibrated quadratic coefficients for 12 standard compressed air nozzle types used in the orifice/pressure measurement method
Nozzle Coefficient Data
Flow Meter Consumption Formula	Annual compressed air consumption derived from a flow meter reading
Bag Method Flow Rate and Consumption Formula	Compressed airflow rate and annual consumption estimated using the bag method
Orifice/Pressure Method Flow Rate Formula	Compressed airflow rate estimated from nozzle type and supply pressure
Electricity Energy Use Formula	Annual electrical energy use derived from compressed air consumption, compressor specific power, and control adjustment
Energy Cost Formula	Annual energy cost calculated from consumption or energy use and the applicable cost rate
►Electricity Reduction Calculator	Calculates annual electricity use and cost for electricity reduction measures using multiple measurement methods
Multimeter Power Formula	Total power calculated from voltage, current, power factor, and number of phases
Nameplate Power Formula	Operating power estimated from motor nameplate data, load factor, and efficiency
Power Meter Energy Use Formula	Annual energy use derived from a direct power meter reading and operating hours
Other Method Energy Use Formula	Annual energy use supplied as a direct consumption value
Annual Energy Use Formula	Annual energy use calculated from total power and operating hours
Energy Cost Formula	Annual energy cost calculated from annual energy use and the electricity cost rate
►Insulated Pipe Reduction Calculator	Calculates heat loss per unit length and annual heat loss from a hot pipe, with or without thermal insulation
Thermal Resistance Formula	Thermal resistance per unit length of a cylindrical shell
Reynolds Number Formula	Reynolds number for external cross-flow over a cylinder
Rayleigh Number Formula	Rayleigh number for natural convection from a horizontal cylinder
Forced-Convection Nusselt Number Formula	Churchill–Bernstein correlation for forced convection over a cylinder in cross-flow
Free-Convection Nusselt Number Formula	Churchill–Chu correlation for free convection from a horizontal cylinder
Combined Nusselt Number Formula	Power-sum combination of forced and free convection Nusselt numbers
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Formula	Convective heat transfer coefficient from the Nusselt number definition
Radiative Heat Transfer Coefficient Formula	Linearized radiative heat transfer coefficient from the Stefan–Boltzmann law
Insulated Pipe Heat Loss Formula	Heat loss per unit length for an insulated pipe
Bare Pipe Heat Loss Formula	Heat loss per unit length for a bare (uninsulated) pipe
Annual Heat Loss Formula	Annual heat loss for the full pipe length
►Insulated Tank Reduction Calculator	Calculates heat loss and annual energy cost for a hot cylindrical tank, with or without thermal insulation
Air Property Polynomial Fits	Fourth-order polynomial fits for air properties as a function of temperature
Rayleigh Number Formula	Rayleigh number for natural convection along a vertical cylinder in U.S. customary units
Natural Convection Coefficient Formula	Natural convection heat transfer coefficient for a vertical cylinder
Insulated Tank — Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	Overall heat transfer coefficient for an insulated cylindrical tank
Bare Tank — Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	Overall heat transfer coefficient for a bare (uninsulated) cylindrical tank
Convective–Conductive Heat Loss	Total convective and conductive heat loss through the tank system
Radiative Heat Loss	Radiation heat loss from the tank outer surface using the Stefan–Boltzmann law
Annual Heat Loss Formula	Annual heat loss for the tank, adjusted for system efficiency
►Natural Gas Reduction Calculator	Calculates annual natural gas energy use and cost for natural gas reduction measures using multiple measurement methods
Flow Meter Energy Use Formula	Annual natural gas energy use derived from a direct flow meter measurement
Air Mass Flow Energy Use Formula	Annual natural gas energy use derived from heat transferred to an air stream
Water Mass Flow Energy Use Formula	Annual natural gas energy use derived from heat transferred to a water stream
Other Method Energy Use Formula	Annual natural gas energy use supplied as a direct consumption value
Energy Cost Formula	Annual natural gas energy cost calculated from annual energy use and the fuel cost rate
►Steam Reduction Calculator	Calculates annual steam use, energy use, and energy cost for steam reduction measures using multiple measurement methods
Enthalpy Difference Formula	Enthalpy difference between steam at operating conditions and feedwater at atmospheric pressure
Flow Meter Method Formula	Annual steam use and energy use derived from a direct flow meter reading
Air Mass Flow Method Formula	Annual energy use derived from air flow rate and temperature differential
Water Mass Flow Method Formula	Annual energy use derived from nameplate water mass flow and temperature differential
Offsheet Method Formula	Annual energy use supplied as a direct consumption value
Steam Use from Energy Use Formula	Annual steam use derived from annual energy use for the mass flow and offsheet methods
Energy Cost Formula	Annual energy cost calculated from steam or energy use and the utility cost rate
►Water Reduction Calculator	Calculates annual water use and cost for water reduction measures using multiple measurement methods
Metered Flow Water Use Formula	Annual water use derived from a continuous flow meter reading and operating hours
Volume Meter Water Use Formula	Annual water use derived from the change in a volume meter over a timed interval
Bucket Method Water Use Formula	Annual water use derived from the time required to fill a bucket of known volume
Other Method Water Use Formula	Annual water use supplied as a direct consumption value
Water Cost Formula	Annual water cost calculated from annual water use and the water cost rate
Simple Equipment and Property Calculators	Focused equipment, property, and conversion calculators for common industrial energy analysis tasks
►Databases	Curated default material, gas, combustion, compressor, and equipment data used to pre-populate calculations
►Gas Flue Gas Material Database	Contains default data for flue gas materials used in process heat calculations
Default Flue Gas Material Data
►Gas Load Charge Material Database	Contains default data for gas load/charge materials used in heat loss calculations
Default Gas Load/Charge Material Data
►Gas Type Database	Contains default data for atmospheric gas types used in atmosphere heat loss calculations
Default Gas Type Data
►Liquid Load Charge Material Database	Contains default data for liquid load/charge materials used in heat loss calculations
Default Liquid Load/Charge Material Data
►Solid/Liquid Flue Gas Material Database	Contains default data for solid/liquid flue gas materials used in process heat calculations
Default Solid/Liquid Flue Gas Material Data
►Solid Load Charge Material Database	Contains default data for solid load/charge materials used in heat loss calculations
Default Solid Load/Charge Material Data
►Wall Type Database	Contains default data for wall types used in wall heat loss calculations
Default Wall Type Data
►Physics	Shared physical constants, gas-property models, unit conversions, and thermodynamic helpers used across MEASUR
Physics Constants	Physical constants used in process heating and thermodynamic calculations
►Gas Composition	Provides formulas and methods for calculating gas mixture properties, combustion air requirements, and flue gas analysis in engineering applications
Total Composition Weight Formula	Calculates the total composition weight and sets the weight fraction for each constituent
Heating Value Formula	Calculates the heating value of the mixture by summing weighted constituent heating values
Heating Value Volume Formula	Calculates the volumetric heating value of the mixture
Specific Gravity Formula	Calculates the specific gravity of the gas mixture
Stoichometric Air Formula	Calculates the stoichiometric air required for combustion
O2 Percentage From Excess Air Formula	Calculates flue gas O2 percentage from excess air
Estimate Excess Air From O2 Formula	Empirical formula to estimate excess air from flue gas O2 percentage
Calculate Enthalpy At Saturation Formula	Calculates enthalpy at saturation for water vapor
Calculate Saturation Temperature Formula	Calculates saturation temperature for water vapor
Adjusted Flue Gas O2 For Calc Error Formula	Iteratively adjusts calculated flue gas O2 to minimize error with target excess air
Get Mass Flue Gas Components Formula	Calculates mass of flue gas components for a given excess air
Gas Constants	Thermodynamic and stoichiometric constants for combustion and flue gas calculations